Histology human tissue slides and laboratory manual (Pdf) download

HUMAN TISSUES - CLASSIFICATION

A tissue is a functional aggregation of similar cells and their intercellular materials that combine to perform common functions.

An organ is an anatomically discrete structure (e.g. heart, skin) with 1 or more functions.

Four tissues are considered basic or primary: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. Many organs contain all 4 types of tissues e.g. skin (covering, packing, muscles, nerves).

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Terms

• adipose - fat cells, "chicken-wire" appearance, lipid has been lost during histology processing. Two main types white adipose in many different body tissues (seen in most of your histology slides) and brown adipose for heat and energy production (seen in newborn or neonatal tissues).
• artifact - changes and distortions introduced to the normal tissue structure by the histological processing. Common artifacts include: folds (gives the tissue a darker appearance), tears (rips in the tissue can be seen in epithelia) and shrinkage (removal of the water or lipid leaves clear spaces that did not exist in the tissue). Rule of thumb is that if it looks "interesting" then it is an artifact!
• axon - make up the neural component in peripheral nerve, conduct from cell body away.
• cardiac muscle - striations, intercalated discs
• collagen - extracellular fibres consist of the main protein found in the ECM and abundant in connective tissue. One of the most abundant proteins in the body.
• connective tissue - tissues consist of cells separated by varying amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM). Extracellular substance consists of fibres (collagen fibres, reticular fibres and elastic fibres) embedded in ground substance containing tissue fluid. Cells are fixed (fibroblast and adipose) and wandering (macrophage, monocyte, lymphocyte, plasma cell, eosinophil and mast cell).
• connective tissue layers - in muscle and nerve 3 different CT layers from individual fibres (endo...), to groups in a bundle or fascicle (peri....) and finally around the whole muscle or nerve (epi....).
• elastic fibres - coloured light yellow in fresh tissues, special stains required to show in tissue sections. Composed of the protein elastin, can be stretched and return to original length.
• eosin - histology stain: cytoplasm pink to red; red blood cells are also bright red. Common counterstain to haematoxylin. (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin)
• epithelium - covers all free surfaces of the body and lines the large internal body cavities (mesothelium). Avascular tissues with closely apposed cells without intervening intercellular substances. Separated by underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
• fat cell = adipose cell
• fascicle - bundle, usually enclosed in connective tissue.
• haematoxylin - (hematoxylin) histology stain: nuclei blue to dark-blue, matrix of hyaline cartilage, myxomatous, and mucoid material pale blue, myelin weakly but is not noticeable if combined with eosin stain. (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin)
• histology - anatomical study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
• marrow - (bone marrow) site of blood cell synthesis.
• matrix - (extracellular matrix, ECM) material secreted by cells and lying outside cells. Connective tissue has lots of ECM between cells. Epithelia have a very little ECM, and a specialised ECM that the basal cells sit upon.
• muscle - specialised contractile cells. Three main types (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) and also characterised as striated (skeletal, cardiac) and non-striated (smooth) due to the organisation of the contractile apparatus within the muscle cell.
• muscle connective tissue layers - ....mysium (small to large) endomysium, perimysium, epimysium.
• neural connective tissue layers - ....neurium (small to large) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium.
• neurovascular bundle - peripheral nerve and associated blood vessels (artery + vein) there is often also a lymphatic vessel as they pass through body tissues. Remember by the acronym NAVL (Nerve, Artery, Vein, Lymph) they usually travel together and in connective tissue.
• reticular fibres - extracellular fibres consist of delicate and fine networks instead of thick bundles.
• parenchyma - functional cells of a tissue, compared to stroma support or structural cells.
• periosteum - connective tissue covering the surface of bone (except articular surfaces).
• Schwann cell - makes myelin in peripheral nerve.
• skeletal muscle - striations, fibers (muscle fiber = muscle cell), multinucleated, clustered fascicles.
• smooth muscle - no striations, sheets, single elongated nuclei, involuntary (you don't control it).
• stroma - support or structural cells of a tissue, compared to parenchyma functional cells.

More Notes - Contact 

Subash Venkatesan (Mbbs - General Medicine TSU)

Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

lives in Russia, Tambov region.

E-mail - medicalnotesforu@gmail.com

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